South Sudanese

The South Sudanese are the peoples of South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan in 2011 after decades of civil war. They are predominantly Nilotic peoples — Dinka (the largest group, approximately 36% of South Sudan's population), Nuer (approximately 16%), Shilluk, Bari, Zande, and dozens of smaller ethnic groups. They are ethnically, linguistically, and religiously distinct from Arab Sudanese, being characterized by Nilotic languages (part of the Nilo-Saharan family), generally darker skin, taller stature, and predominantly Christian or ethnic religious practice rather than Islam. The South Sudanese identity as a national group is relatively new, forged through shared experience of marginalization and civil war against the Khartoum-based government.

South Sudanese cultures are diverse across dozens of ethnic groups but share common Nilotic elements: pastoral cattle-herding traditions (cattle are central to Dinka and Nuer identity, economy, marriage, and spirituality), age-set social organization, elaborate scarification patterns marking ethnic and age-group identity, oral poetry and song traditions, and communal dance. Marriage involves bride wealth paid in cattle. Gender roles are traditionally defined, with men responsible for cattle and defense and women for agriculture and domestic management. In diaspora settings, cultural preservation occurs through community gatherings, churches, and ethnic associations.

Christianity was introduced to South Sudan primarily by Anglican (CMS) and Catholic missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries, and spread rapidly during the civil wars as a marker of Southern identity against the Islamic north. The major denominations are Roman Catholic (largest), Anglican/Episcopal, Presbyterian, and various Pentecostal/charismatic churches. Traditional religious practices persist alongside Christianity: Dinka belief in Nhialic (God in the sky) expressed through cattle sacrifice, Nuer belief in Kwoth (Spirit), and ancestor veneration. Many South Sudanese practice a syncretic blend of Christianity and traditional beliefs.

Full Bible available in multiple South Sudanese languages including Dinka and Nuer. Jesus Film available. GRN has audio recordings. Most South Sudanese are Christians, and churches are central community institutions at home and among refugees abroad. The South Sudan Council of Churches is a major ecumenical body.